Urological instruments include cystoscopes, used to visualize the bladder and urethra for diagnosing conditions like bladder cancer and urinary tract infections; ureteroscopes, employed for examining and treating issues in the ureters such as kidney stones and strictures; nephroscopes, utilized for visualizing and treating kidney stones or tumors within the kidney through a percutaneous approach; and prostate biopsy needles, essential for obtaining tissue samples from the prostate gland to diagnose conditions like prostate cancer. These instruments play a critical role in diagnosing and treating a variety of urological conditions, offering precise and minimally invasive solutions for patient care.